TNF and atherosclerosis: In LPS-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), JMJD3-NF-κB signaling was activated and thus raised the levels of pro-inflammatory genes tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and finally contributed to vascular inflammation as in atherosclerosis (AS) [26].