AKT1 and pemphigus foliaceus: Furthermore, noncanonical TGF‐β signaling pathways involving mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, along with interactions with other profibrotic mediators such as IL‐6 and angiotensin II, intensify fibrotic responses,140 underscoring the complexity of TGF‐β’s role in PF.