ALB and malnutrition: Patient-related factors that may cause AL include preoperative malnutrition [10], preoperative albumin level of ≤3.5 g/dL [11-13], ASA score of ≥3 [11,14,15], prolonged surgery [16], emergency surgery [14,17], chronic steroid use [16,18], higher CCI score [19-21], and so on.