Smallwoodet al[108] identified two peptides from the ESPs of two kinds of parasitic hookworms,Ancylostoma caninum (A. caninum, Ercolani, 1859) 1 (Acan1) andNecator americanus (N. americanus, Stile, 1902) 1 (Nak1), which significantly attenuated pathological damages, such as weight loss, colonic atrophy, edema, ulceration, and necrosis, in mice exposed to TNBS and showed better anti-colitis properties by inhibiting the proliferation of CD4+ T cells and the production of IL-2 and TNF. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and colitis.