TNF and digestive system cancer: Inhibiting TLR-mediated DC maturation and secretion of IL-12 and TNF-α in a cRAF-dependent pathway, thereby resulting in the Th2 immune response[145].Reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-33, and IL-17 and significantly suppressing colon carcinogenesis in the colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) mice model, which may be related to the inhibition of the STAT3/NF-κB signaling pathway[147].