An miRNA derived fromS. japonicum was identified and termed miR-2162-3p that was consistently present in HSCs from theS. japonicum-infected mice, and directly targeted and downregulated the expression level of TGF-β receptor III, a known TGF-β signaling negative regulator, to promote the activation of HSCs and hepatic fibrosis in the host[48]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to Hepatic fibrosis.