AKT1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: One study investigated the potential of peptide-helminth defense molecule 1 (FhHDM-1) secreted byF. hepatica in inflammatory diseases, and found that it prevented the development of type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice by activating the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway and preserved β-cell mass/function[82].