TGFB1 and Hepatic fibrosis: To investigate the effect ofS. mansoni Sm16 on hepatic fibrosis, researchers compared two synthetic peptides of Sm16 (KS-84 and KS-66) and discovered that KS-84 inhibited HSC activation by reducing the TGF-β1 signaling, while KS-66 enhanced the activation of HSCs; the cause of this disparity remained to be further investigated[46].