TGF-β1 is most highly expressed in the kidney, affects the activity of proinflammatory cytokines, exerts chemotactic effects on T lymphocytes and neutrophils and is an important mediator of the development of kidney fibrosis and inflammation in DKD.[58] Many traditional Chinese medicines or their active components can inhibit the inflammatory response and protect against kidney damage by regulating the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is diabetic kidney disease.