NFKB1 and atherosclerosis: The replication of HIV-1 can be favorably regulated by the MAP-kinase signal loop, with ERKs, p38 MAP-kinases, and cJun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK) linked to HIV-related inflammation and the promotion of atherosclerosis through various mechanisms, including the activation of NF-kB and the promotion of ICAM-1 expression, VEGF-induced endothelial cell permeability, and the development of reactive myocardial fibrosis [49,50,51,52].