Kaempferol, another active ingredient in the Chufeng Qingpi Decoction, effectively reduces the expression of TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 while enhancing the expression of Smad7 (Cai et al., 2014), thereby significantly mitigating the severity of liver fibrosis and granuloma caused by schistosome eggs subsequent to treatment with praziquantel. Here, SMAD7 is linked to Granuloma.