SMAD2 and Granuloma: Kaempferol, another active ingredient in the Chufeng Qingpi Decoction, effectively reduces the expression of TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 while enhancing the expression of Smad7 (Cai et al., 2014), thereby significantly mitigating the severity of liver fibrosis and granuloma caused by schistosome eggs subsequent to treatment with praziquantel.