The addition of hMSCs to the 3D culture with THP-1 cells and HCT116 cancer cells increased the release of chemokines that recruit both innate and adaptive immune cells (e.g., CCL2 and CCL5), factors that alter cell differentiation and function in myeloid cells (e.g., GM-CSF, MIF) and proteins that have direct and indirect tumor-promoting effects (e.g., SerpinE1 and CXCL12) (Figure 3F). Here, CSF2 is linked to cancer.