TNF and malignant colon neoplasm: To analyze the enrichment of TNF-α signaling pathways across different CRC molecular subtypes, we utilized transcriptional profiles from an expression dataset (GSE39582) comprising untreated stage II/III colon cancer tumors (n = 258)34 as outlined in Figure 1A. Individual samples were assigned a CMS classification and single sample gene set enrichment scores (ssGSEA) for pathways involved in TNF-α production, receptor binding, response and signaling; all of which were observed to be enriched in CMS1 and CMS4 tumors compared to CMS2 or CMS3 tumors (Figure 1B).