CSF2 and neoplasm: TAMs polarize into the M1-like phenotype upon exposure to interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), characterized by CD68, CD80, CD86, major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, exhibiting anti-tumor activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) secreting, enhanced antigen presentation, proinflammatory cytokine production, and involvement in T helper (Th) type 1 responses 35, 36.