Nrf2 activation through diverse mechanisms, such as the interaction between ataxia-telangiectasia group D-associated gene (ATDC) and KEAP1 in pancreatic cancer and the overexpression of progestin and adipo-q receptor family member 4 (PAQR4) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, promotes cancer progression and treatment resistance 95, 97. Here, PAQR4 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.