In contrast, while both ZAP and DDX17 affect HBV replication, the expression levels of DDX17 did not correlate to the level of HBV attenuation by ZAP-S80, suggesting that other factors such as cell type and cellular compartments involved during a specific viral infection may affect whether DDX17 synergizes with ZAP. This evidence concerns the gene ZC3HAV1 and viral infectious disease.