To further examine the yet-unexplored mechanism of ESM1 in GC, a GSEA based on the GSE66229 dataset was performed to identify the top five Hallmark gene sets among the ESM1-high group, including the TGF-β and interleukin (IL)-6/Janus kinase (JAK)-STAT3 signaling pathways which are associated with cell survival and mobility (Figure 3F). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and gastric cancer.