The etiology and pathogenesis of IBD are presently recognized as an intricate interaction involving immunological, microbiological, genetic, and environmental factors, with imbalance in cytokines production (such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-22) and other signalling pathways (Al-Bawardy et al., 2021; Lamb et al., 2019). Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.