AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: CD8+ T cells specific for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), glypican 3 (GPC3), MAGE-1 (melanoma associated gene 1) and NYESO1 (New York oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1) can be detected in the blood and tumours of patients with HCC, and positively correlate with patient survival.[33], [58] In HBV/HCV-associated tumours, neoantigens can be generated by virally encoded open reading frames.[59], [60] Alternatively, genomic mutations may produce tumour-specific neoantigens that can induce naturally occurring anti-tumour T-cell responses.