HSPBP1 and HIV-1 infection: Lastly, HSPBP1 intereracted with HSP40 and HSP70, suppressing HIV-1 LTR activity and viral transcription in T cells, with its expression being downregulated during the course of HIV-1 infection (Chaudhary et al., 2016; Iyer, Mitra & Mitra, 2022).