Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM-MMP12, TAM-SPP1, TAM-CXCL10, TAM-HLA-DQA1) infiltrate significantly higher in MIBC tissues compared to NMIBC tissues and adjacent normal tissues, indicating that tumor-associated macrophages play an important role in the TME of MIBC and further research is needed to understand how these macrophages reach the tumor site. Here, SPP1 is linked to neoplasm.