SPP1 and neoplasm: In MIBC tissues, the proportions of 4 tumor-associated macrophage subgroups (TAM-MMP12, TAM-CXCL10, TAM-HLA-DQA1, TAM-SPP1) are elevated, with TAM-MMP12, TAM-CXCL10, and TAM-HLA-DQA1 subgroups showing significantly higher proportions in MIBC tissues than in NMIBC tissues (p <0.05) and adjacent normal tissues (p <0.05) (Figure 6C).