NES and glioblastoma: Top NADs effectively reduced fractions of Nestin+ cells and metabolic activity in PDCs, total cell numbers in adherent cell lines (LN-229 and LN-308) and spheroid size in glioblastoma-initiating cell lines (ZH-161 and ZH-562), with confirmed concentration–response relationships (Fig. 2g, Extended Data Fig. 3a–d and Supplementary Fig. 2).