Obesity can induce a phenotypic shift of ATMs from M2 to M1, with pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6, which are particularly secreted by M1 ATMs, exacerbating insulin resistance and contributing to local or systemic metabolic dysfunction (129, 130, 131, 132). Here, IL6 is linked to obesity disorder.