VCAM1 and malaria: Likewise, theactivation of TLR receptors promotes a series of events that resultin the increased expression of intercellular and/or vascular adhesionmolecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1), and activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB).4 Moreover, inflammatorymonocytes and classically activated macrophages (M1), as well as CD8+T cells, have been associated with malaria pathogenesis.4,5 Therefore, immune response regulation upon infection is pivotalin homeostasis maintenance and improved clinical outcomes in malaria.