During malaria pathogenesis, the engagement of specific Toll-likereceptors (TLRs) in the recognition of malaria antigens, such as hemozoin(Hz) and cell surface glycoproteins (GPIs), drives the gene expressionof pro-inflammatory mediators, such as pro-interleukin (IL)-1β,IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and enzymes,including cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is malaria.