For example, mispaired disulfide bond formation contributes to proteinopathies such as cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (33, 34), neonatal diabetes due to insulin gene mutations (35–37), and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome due to pro-alpha collagen mutations (38). This evidence concerns the gene INS and Leukoencephalopathy.