IRF3 and viral infectious disease: ZAP, an antiviral effector ISG that inhibits replication of filoviruses (89), retroviruses (90), and alphaviruses (91, –, 93), is induced by viral infection and dsRNA via TLR3, RIG-I/MDA5, and IRF3 axis in type-I and type-III IFN signaling-deficient cells (32).