Aguilera et al. (2017a) found that Anti-fibrotic effects of valproic acid in experimental peritoneal fibrosis (VPA) can significantly ameliorate the upregulation of profibrotic factors (TGF-β, fibronectin, and Smad3), reduce neoangiogenesis and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1) observed in PF. This evidence concerns the gene SMAD3 and pemphigus foliaceus.