TARDBP and Alzheimer disease: For example, manypatients diagnosed at autopsy with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) also have brainlesions associated with vascular disease, TDP-43 proteinopathy, andα-synuclein pathology (Matej et al.,2019;Robinson et al., 2018).Currently, some of these pathological processes (particularly TDP-43 andα-synuclein pathologies) cannot be reliably detected with antemortembiomarkers, which makes it difficult for clinicians to determine to what extentcognitive decline in individual patients is driven by AD versus other factors.