CRP and gastrointestinal disease: b Adjusted estimates were controlled for age (years), sex (female or male), body mass index (kg/m2), chronic comorbidities (cardiovascular diseases, endocrine diseases, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, or cancers), current smoker (yes or no), vaccination status (fully, partially, or no vaccination), biomarkers for treatment (CRP, D-dimer, and ferritin), and concurrent medications for COVID-19 treatment (corticosteroids, antivirals, antibiotics/antifungals).