TNF and asthma: Moreover, investigations have explored TNFα-induced cytokine production in primary lung fibroblasts from individuals with asthma compared to non-asthmatics, demonstrating significant upregulation of IL-6, IL-8, C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), and TSLP mRNA expression and protein secretion in lung fibroblasts upon TNFα stimulation (104).