TBCE and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Specifically, in NAFLD, DAMPs released from damaged hepatocytes bind to DAMP receptors on liver macrophages and hematopoietic stem cells, leading to the activation of KCs, which then produce chemokines and cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and CCL2 (Zwicker et al., 2021; Rajak, 2024).