HMGB1 and autoimmune disease: Additionally, NET formation is observed in nonpathogenic conditions, including but not limited to sterile inflammation, autoimmune disorders, metabolic dysregulation, vasculitis, thrombosis, and carcinogenesis when dysregulated.19–21 Under sterile conditions, NETs can be induced by interleukin-8 (IL-8),22 immune complexes,23 crystals,24 or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as high mobility group Box 1 (HMGB1).25 Evidence thus far suggests that NETs play dual roles in these nonpathogenic conditions.