To understand whether TGF-β-TRAP inhibits or alters TGF-β signaling in tumor cells and CAFs, we analyzed the TGF-β downstream target genes (Figure 4, D and E) as well as other signaling intermediates in the canonical TGF-β signaling cascade (Supplemental Figure 9, A and B) in tumor epithelial cells and CAFs, respectively. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.