To assess the effect of the (ant)agonists on the PVL-induced cytotoxicity of monocytes and inflammasome activation, we treated human monocytes with PVL (0, 0.25, 0.5 nM) in the presence or absence of C5aR (ant)agonists (10 μM) which have been shown to be either protective or ineffective against PVL-induced cytotoxicity in PMNs (Fig. 1). This evidence concerns the gene C5AR1 and periventricular leukomalacia.