TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: In addition, the electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve shows promise in clinical trials as a non-drug anti-inflammatory treatment that can reduce systemic TNF levels and complement traditional IBD and RA therapeutics (D’Haens et al., 2023; Jin et al., 2024; Koopman et al., 2016; Sinniger et al., 2020) (NCT01569503 and NCT02311660).