Furthermore, three cases of MOGAD and coexisting syphilis infection have been described: one patient with latent syphilis and meningoencephalomyelitis associated with MOG-IgG seropositivity (13), one patient with acute neurosyphilis (presenting with papillitis and uveitis) and positive MOG-IgG results in the CSF (14), and one case of coexisting neurosyphilis and MOGAD manifesting as ON (15), a rare manifestation of neurosyphilis that shows similarities to ON in MOGAD (16). This evidence concerns the gene MOG and optic papillitis.