INS and diabetes mellitus: There are two types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disease that destroys pancreatic beta cells, necessitating lifelong insulin use, and type 2 diabetes, the most common type, which can result from insulin resistance, insulin secretion deficiency, or both.(Banday et al., 2020, Dean et al., 2004) Long-term exposure to diabetes and elevated blood glucose levels can lead to microvascular and macrovascular diseases and premature death.(Dal Canto et al., 2019) In Saudi Arabia, diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases.