VDAC1 and infection: It should also be mentioned that under specific circumstances porin deficiencies might also lead to increased fitness, such as increased resistance against macrophages49 and evasion of phages that often use porins as target sites.50 In any case, our study emphasizes the importance to stratify antibiotic-resistant bacteria based on their resistance mechanisms in order to develop multi-level precision measures, also involving gut microbiota, to limit the spread of and infection with those bacteria in a targeted, personalized manner.