Conversely, HGF, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF/FGF2) have been detected with elevated expression levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of preterm infants with BPD and in hyperoxia-induced BPD mice models (Lassus et al., 2003; Aly et al., 2019; Windhorst et al., 2023). Here, TGFB1 is linked to bronchopulmonary dysplasia.