For example, WMHs are associated with an increased risk for all-cause dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia,11 and with poorer cognition.8 Regarding Alzheimer’s disease co-pathology, β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau neurofibrillary tangles can be assessed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or on positron emission tomography. This evidence concerns the gene MAPT and dementia.