,28 Given the PD-L1/PD-1, mTOR, and Wnt pathways play essential roles in the proper differentiation of cortical layers, cognitive development, brain injury, and Alzheimer’s disease, it is plausible that VSTM2A is indispensable in the maintenance of human central nervous system. Here, PDCD1 is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.