GCG and type 2 diabetes mellitus: As a result, GLP-1(9–36) reduces the number of granules available for exocytosis in α-cells, thereby decreasing the release of glucagon.241 This mechanism decreases intracellular Ca2+ concentration, thereby inhibiting glucagon secretion.241 Additionally, GLP-1(9–36) can effectively inhibit glucagon secretion induced by β-adrenergic stimulation, amino acids, and membrane depolarization, indicating its inhibitory effect under various stimulatory conditions.241 In α-cells of patients with T2DM, the ability of GLP-1(9–36) to inhibit glucagon secretion is lost.