While significant decreases in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, and TNFα release were observed in H. pylori-infected murine BM-DCs from TLR2ko mice,49,50 in particular the release of TNFα and GM-CSF was significantly impaired upon TLR2 blocking in human CD1c+ DCs.8 In addition, it has been shown that increased macrophage activation observed in Alpk1−/− mice upon infection with Helicobacter hepaticus was blocked in the presence of anti-TLR2 antibodies.22 Along this line TLR2-blocking also impairs the activation of DCs infected with the ADP-heptose deficient mutant. Here, IL1B is linked to infection.