TNF and neurodegenerative disease: TNF-α is a pleiotropic cytokine with a key role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (Sriram et al. 2006; Amor et al. 2010; Vincenzi et al. 2021); hence, its modulation could be critical for therapeutic purposes (Frankola et al. 2011; Amin et al. 2022).