SERPINA3 and hepatocellular carcinoma: SERPINA3, predominantly secreted by the liver, has been found to have a decreased abundance in HCC, a phenomenon correlated with enhanced cell proliferation (Santamaria et al., 2013; Sun et al., 2023; Soman and Nair, 2022) with elevated expression serving as a diagnostic and poor prognosis biomarker, indicating resistance to endocrine therapy and chemotherapy, and potentially predicting immunotherapy sensitivity.