It has been confirmed that the interaction of IL-1β with various inflammatory mediators can lead to the gathering of local reactive oxygen species(ROS) and mass expression of matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondins(ADAMTSs), accompanied by apoptosis, pyroptosis or ferroptosis of AF/NP cells [[31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36]]. Here, IL1B is linked to atrial fibrillation.