GATA4 and ventricular septal defect: Abnormalities in GATA4 during embryogenesis or in adult life cause structural and functional anomalies in the heart, such as ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrial septal defect (ASD), patent ductus arteriosus, endocardial cushion defect, tetralogy of Fallot, and pulmonary stenosis [34]; [35].