TNF and neoplasm: These findings suggest that long-term central inflammation resulting from enhanced peripheral innate immunity may be responsible for observed cognitive impairment following surgery among tumor-bearing mice [14].Compared to the control group, the anesthesia group exhibited significantly elevated levels of polarized M1 mRNA expression in macrophages, along with markedly higher mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and interleukin-6 [15].