IRS2 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Experimental validation was conducted using KK-Ay T2DM mice and IR-HepG2 cells, and we confirmed that mSMG and its representative compounds berberine could ameliorate hepatic IR and promote glycogen synthesis, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of TNF-α/JNK1/IRS-2 pathway (Fig. 9).