RNF144B and infection: In this study, we found that RNF144B expression was induced upon infection with EMCV (Fig. 1C); RNF144B impaired IRF3 activation and IFN-β production upon infection with EMCV (Figs. 1G and EV1H); Rnf144b deficiency or knockdown enhanced antiviral response of EMCV both in vitro and in vivo (Figs. 1I,J, EV4C,D and 6I), and RNF144B overexpression promoted EMCV replication (Fig. 1F).