ATP5IF1 and cancer: It has been shown that IF1 manipulation profoundly affects cellular metabolism and adaptation to stress in other contexts (e.g., cancer cells, skeletal muscle, cardiomyocytes) (Zhou et al, 2022; Formentini et al, 2012; Sa and Formentini, 2012), suggesting that higher levels of IF1 in BAT help brown fat cells remain in a quiescent-like state when NST is unnecessary.