Furthermore, our findings showed significant correlations between CNN1 expression levels and clinical phenotypes (cancer vs inflammatory lesions; P < 0.0001), urea (P ═ 0.0077), preoperative bilirubin levels (unconjugated; P ═ 0.0106), globulin (P ═ 0.0001), CEA (P ═ 0.003), and AFP (P ═ 0.05), suggesting its involvement in cell invasion and progression through pre-existing inflammatory conditions. Here, AFP is linked to cancer.