FOXO3 and neurodegenerative disease: Additionally, FOXO3 activation, which leads to significant muscle atrophy via the transcription of atrophy-related genes, including crucial ubiquitin ligases [89], emerges as a potential therapeutic target for muscle wasting disorders and degenerative diseases involving autophagy [35], further supported by research indicating enhanced FOXO-dependent muscle mass loss associated with a decline in PGC1-alpha during atrophy [67].