VWF and cancer: Both circulating plasma VWF and VWF attached to the cell surface can contribute to cancer adhesion on the EC surface by binding to platelets, EC, and cancer cells through membrane proteins, including platelet GPIbα, P-selectin, integrins, and glycocalyx (Denis et al., 1993; Sadler, 1998; Padilla et al., 2004; Huang et al., 2009; Zhou et al., 2012; Kalagara et al., 2018).