HIF1A and breast carcinoma: Furthermore, in breast cancer patients, lactate promotes demethylation of HIF-1α and facilitates tumour progression even in the absence of hypoxia, while in prostate cancer lactate was shown to promote angiogenesis through direct lactoylation of HIF-1α (Becker et al., 2020; Coronel-Hernández et al., 2021; Gong et al., 2024).